Business Statistics The Present Project

Question: Portray about the Business Statistics for The Present Project. Answer: Presentation The current task is the investigation of the information we gathered. The information was gathered from four areas Inner city, Outskirts of city, Suburbs and remote locales. The information in regards to the oil costs were gathered from equivalent number of areas. The brands of oils were Shell and Caltex. Information was gathered from 224 stations, similarly isolated among the two stations. The reaction variable of the investigation is the cost of the unipacket petroleum. The free factors are the station from which the petroleum is being bought and the area of the gas station. Examination Question The examination question for the undertaking is: Does area of the station influence the cost of petroleum? Examination Hypothesis To address the above exploration question three speculation were created. The speculation for the tests Speculation 1 Invalid Hypothesis: The station brand has no impact on the cost of petroleum Substitute theory: The station brand affects the cost of petroleum. Speculation 2 Invalid Hypothesis: The Location of the station has no impact on the cost of petroleum Substitute Hypothesis: The Location of the station affects the cost of petroleum Speculation 3 Invalid Hypothesis: There is no impact of the station brand and the area of the gas station on the cost of petroleum Substitute Hypothesis: The station brand and the area of the gas station is connected by the cost of petroleum. Information Analysis To respond to the above inquiry we utilized the two factorial ANOVA. Between-Subjects Factors Worth Label N Brands 1 S 112 2 NS 112 Areas 1 Downtown 56 2 Edges of City 56 3 Rural areas 56 4 Remote Region 56 Table 1: Frequency of Station brand and Location of the gas station (source made by creator) Graphic Statistics Subordinate Variable: UN Brands Areas Mean Sexually transmitted disease. Deviation N S Downtown 114.9393 7.74570 28 Edges of City 107.9000 .00000 28 Rural areas 114.7714 2.87632 28 Remote Region 116.7000 6.65488 28 Absolute 113.5777 6.22869 112 NS Downtown 108.3393 2.08581 28 Edges of City 121.1857 5.79180 28 Rural areas 115.7214 2.99448 28 Remote Region 115.6750 5.97406 28 Absolute 115.2304 6.41218 112 Absolute Downtown 111.6393 6.53271 56 Edges of City 114.5429 7.83565 56 Rural areas 115.2464 2.94840 56 Remote Region 116.1875 6.28719 56 Absolute 114.4040 6.36105 224 Table 2: Descriptive measurements of the cost of petroleum dependent on the Station brand and Location of the station (source made by creator) Trial of Between-Subjects Effects Subordinate Variable: UN Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Halfway Eta Squared Rectified Model 3755.322a 7 536.475 21.997 .000 .416 Catch 2931774.564 1 2931774.564 120211.155 .000 .998 Brands 152.955 1 152.955 6.272 .013 .028 Areas 646.995 3 215.665 8.843 .000 .109 Brands * Locations 2955.371 3 985.124 40.393 .000 .359 Blunder 5267.925 216 24.389 Complete 2940797.810 224 Rectified Total 9023.246 223 a. R Squared = .416 (Adjusted R Squared = .397) Table 3: Between subject impacts of the cost of petroleum dependent on the Station brand and Location of the station (source made by creator) From table 3 we find that there are measurably critical communication between the station brand of petroleum and the area of the gas station, F(3,216)= 40.393, p = 0.000. We additionally find that there are factually noteworthy contrasts between the station brand and the cost of petroleum F(1,216)=6.272, p = 0.013. What's more, we likewise find that there are measurably huge contrasts between the area of the gas station and the cost of the petroleum F(3,216) = 8.843, p = 0.000. Figure 1: The cost of petroleum dependent on station brand and area of the station (source made by creator) From figure 1 and table 2 we find that the cost of station brand S petroleum is the most minimal at the edges of the city, and the most noteworthy at the remote district. The cost of station brand NS is the most elevated at the edges of the city and the least at the downtown area. End From the above examination we find that the cost of unipacket petroleum changes with the area and the brand of gas station.

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Universal Human Resource Management - Essay Example In view of this examination in the global point of view, human asset directors are required to comprehend the wants of the assorted societies in the work environment. It is essential to comprehend that various individuals have various gifts which can shape a solid workforce when used to the greatest. The supervisors have a troublesome and fundamental errand of overseeing different attributes, for example, sex and racial contrasts. Political and financial parts of the host country are critical in the achievement of human asset the executives. Strict convictions are likewise different and human asset practices might be influenced by social angles in the working condition. Chiefs along these lines must be profoundly competent and educated people to adapt to the requests of the workforce subsequently keeping up viable business relations. Hofstede characterizes culture as the qualities and convictions that indicate the remarkable socio-mental setting of a network. It speaks to how individ uals from a specific culture carry on and identify with one another in their everyday exercises just as how the network as a unit identifies with the outside condition. Social issues are of significant worry in effective human asset rehearses. The perspectives of representatives as to the hierarchical activities are critical in advancing great relations between the workers and the supervisors. They to a great extent rely upon the social foundation of the populace from which the workers are drawn. Australians have an individualistic culture as opposed to aggregate activity and collaboration. This infers collaboration may not expand work efficiency for an association working in the nation (Brewster et al. 2004). Adler (2002) contends that social contrasts influence the way wherein individuals relate with one another and it isn't distinctive in the work environment. Then again, social assorted variety is a basic issue that may influence the achievement of human asset rehearses as the v arious societies put forth attempts to set up self personality. At the point when one culture is regarded than others in the working environment, working environment relations fall apart. For instance, Indigenous Australians contribute 92% of the workforce, Asians 7% while Aboriginals are simply 1% of the country’s workforce (Walker and Hamilton, 2011). There is hence a propensity to maintain the first culture in the working environment while convincing the minority societies to adjust to the standard culture. This inclination may bring down the assurance of workers having a place with the minority societies. Be that as it may, vital human asset rehearses call for associations to acknowledge both the standard and minority societies in their activities (Scullion and Lineham, 2005). Political Aspects The Australian government plays a critical effect on human asset rehearses and is perceived by numerous businesses in their work relations. The work law affects business contracts and the conduct of managers concerning their relationship with representatives. The legislature, being the sole organization commanded to create business laws, has the ability to decide how the

Informed consent is a process Free Essays

Educated assent is a procedure by which the doctor acquires approval from the patient to experience a specific clinical intercession, in the wake of clarifying the subtleties, its advantages and the dangers, and presence of any accessible other option, in a way which the patient grasps the best.â It can be oral or composed, and can be inferred (circumstance emerges in which an agree must be given) or communicated (assent which is explicitly mentioned).â A doctor needs to get educated assent before playing out any technique. We will compose a custom exposition test on Educated assent is a procedure or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now A methodology completed without the patient’s information, or any deviation in the mediation did, without advising the patient adds up to ‘battery’ (a tort of causing hurt deliberately).â However, there are sure condition under which educated assent need not or can't be gotten, including general wellbeing circumstances, health related crises, inadequacy of the patient, helpful benefit or an intentional surrender from the patient. In a general wellbeing crisis, assent structure the individual isn't compulsory as a conflict between the patient’s rights and the open rights; would bring about the privileges of the open common (as progressively number or individuals would be affected).â In such crises, it might be required to treat or isolate individuals, at times without wanting to. During a health related crisis, assent is normally not required, in light of the fact that in such circumstances the patient can't give one.â Obtaining assent may in truth take a ton of time and may defer life-sparing procedures.â Studies have demonstrated that assent acquired from patient’s requiring crisis care regularly lead to advancement of fear.â Some individuals felt that in such circumstances they were all the more frequently left with no choice.â Other investigations have indicated that doctors are bound to accomplish something helpfully for the patient, in such circumstances. A doctor need not get assent from a patient, on the off chance that he sees that he/she is bumbling to settle on a choice about their great health.â Treatment gave in such circumstances would be regarded as ‘in the eventual benefits of the patient’.  In a few cases, the patient may have a condition that influences his/her reasoning abilities.â However, on the off chance that the doctor feels that the patient’s condition isn't going influence his/her dynamic adjoin wellbeing; at that point it would consistently be smarter to acquire earlier assent. Remedial benefit is a condition wherein the doctor need not advise the patient about specific issues with an end goal to forestall further mischief to the patient.â A doctor need not educate the patient on the off chance that he/she feels that it can cause pointless mental tensions.â However, this advantage is regularly abused by doctors. A few patients may willfully surrender their privileges to give assent, and rather permit the doctor to play out the fundamental procedures.â In such circumstances, educated assent is generally a bit much. Assent is normally not required for standard or minor mediations, as the doctor may feel that it is typically suggested, considering the way that the patient has approached looking for clinical care.â However, for intercessions in which the dangers are essentially higher, assent is obligatory. References: Akkada, Andrea, Jacksona, Clare, Kenyona, Sara, Dixon-Woodsb, Mary, Taubb, Nick , Habibaa, Marwan (2004). â€Å"Informed assent for elective and crisis medical procedure: survey study.† BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 111(100), 1133. Foã «x, B. A. (2001). â€Å"The issue of educated assent in crisis medication research.† Emergency Medicine Journal, 18, 198-204 http://emj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/18/3/198  The most effective method to refer to Informed assent is a procedure, Essay models

Activity Series of Metals Predicting Reactivity

Frederick Douglass A Man - 949 Words

Daniel Lee 12/6/15 Frederick Douglass Essay How did Frederick Douglass move from being a slave to a man? In Frederick Douglass’s autobiography, â€Å"Frederick Douglass,† Frederick Douglass, a black man born into slavery, went from being a slave to a man. His actions proved he was a man. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Like many slaves, Frederick Douglass didn’t know his exact age or birthday, but he knew an estimate of his age. â€Å"I come to this, from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old† (pg. 47). He didn’t know a lot about his father either. He knew that his father was a white man and that he could have been his master. He was separated from his mother at a young age. â€Å"I never saw my mother, to know her as such, more than four or five times in my life† (pg. 48). It was common for slaves to be separated from their mothers and know very little about their age and parents. Slaves didn’t know much about their lives or the outside world. Slaves were poorly tre ated. They had terrible sleeping conditions and few clothes. Frederick Douglass and other slaves slept on a cold floor. â€Å"The coldest nights, I used to steal a bag which was used for carrying corn to the mill. I would crawl into this, and there sleep on the cold, damp, clay floor, with my head and feet out.† (pg. 71-72). All the slaves would sleep together, side by side, on the cold, damp floor. They each used a corn bag as a blanket.Show MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass : A Old Man At The Age Of 201654 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass, The History Frederick Douglass was one of the staples in African American history and was a well-educated anti-slavery activist that was passionate in African American’s freedom. At a young age, Douglass was thrust into the world of slavery but, nevertheless, was able to escape enslavement and become a powerful, anti-slavery and civil rights activist. 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(McFeely, 206) So impressive were Frederick Douglass’s oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents refused to believe that he had been a slave and alleged that he was a impostor brought up on the public byRead MoreThe Life of Frederick Douglass: the Power of Reading Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: The Power of Reading In the pre-Civil War plantations of the South, slaves were forbidden to read or write. In other words, they were forced to be ignorant and locked in mental darkness. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he writes in dept about his life as a slave in these plantations. After leaning the ABCs and learning to spell words consisting of three or four letters from Ms. Auld, Frederick Douglass illustrates how he secretly

The Museum Of The Civil Rights Movement - 873 Words

The final exhibit in the museum of the Civil Rights Movement involves all levels of the critical thinking process as laid out by Reichenbach (2001). The six main parts of critical thinking also link to the Bloom’s Taxonomy levels, thus move students from review of knowledge all the way through the evaluation process. Students will use multiple different activities and teacher chosen groups in order to move seamlessly through the learning process (Carr Bertrando, 2012). The learning unit will end with an engaging activity that allows students freedom to not only make choices, but also use creativity to connect concepts of the past to concepts of the present. Students will enter class and their first activity will ask students to create an annotated flow map of events from the 1950s and 1960s that review student knowledge. There are different levels to this activity in order to enable success of students no matter whether they are advanced, average, or struggling learners. 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Strategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence. Answer: Introduction Hillside Beach Club has created and always maintained unique customer experience, these has helped them have competitive advantage over other competitors in the same industry. This is evident because since the start of the company has number of clients, high clients satisfaction and high return visitor rates (Chisnall, 2012). The factors that the company has put in place include the following. First of all the company provide family vacation facility this makes it a good destination for everyone as one can come with their family to have nice time as the parents can accompany their children during holidays and have time outside their normal homes (Help guide, 2016). This makes the company make good timing when n most guests arrive between April and October when even kids are out of school this makes them get much revenue during this period. Key factors that create a unique customer experience atthe HBC The club offers rich variety satisfactions from across the range of visitors such as kids, parents, travelers and those in honeymoon. Secondly, the facility is located in a secluded bay along the coast of Mediterranean and is within 34 miles from airport (Harrison, 2009). This makes it have good access to and from by many visitors internationally and locally as there are direct flights from other neighboring countries and far destinations. Being that the resort is located along the coast give it cool serene atmosphere for the visitors coming at that place and as the well good view of the see. The company also has the right team to help the management in setting up various corporate governance relationships to help the company grow, and visitors have time to rest whenever at the resort. The Alarko group that operates the Hillside Beach Club appointed the CEO who intern took a year to constitute and build a management team that has enabled the company prospers. This team is a blend of individuals from different fields creating a unique culture and help in re-thinking service delivery every day. The facility has a larger bed capacity of up to a thousand, this large capacity help them book many visitors and even the guests are always not worried if they will miss space in the club unlike a case which can happen in other facilities this too make them have a competitive advantage (Cadogan, 2009). Each of these rooms of the resort is made elegant and are having a see view making each visitors enjoy the nature. The facility has other services such as bars and shopping arcade making less than one stop point where the visitors coming to the place are less worried as they will find all they need under one roof. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility (Nash, 2015). This part ly achieved by their service men and women who are always happy whenever they are serving clients making them feeling they belong to that place and want to stay longer. This also makes them think of happiness whenever they think of the facility even when they are away. Continuous development of products and services is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would like to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2011). adoption out of technological tools is also make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility (Bharathi, 2016). This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms, and at any point, within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry. Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Guest relations also help in building good customer experience as this is done by in most respect (Brooksbank, 2011). The guest relations department coordinates this and in their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey which made their clients have a good experience at their resort (Battell, 2006). This must be made possible because it is the same clients they are going to serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out (Miller, Biggart, Newton, 2013). This is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would lik e to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations. The team also has to evaluate the trends and competition in the region where they are to move in, they also have to analyze what guests from their new region like whenever they came at their resort this will as well give them type of experience they expect in the new location in Cyprus. Use of technological tools is also a must and must be adopted in a new location; this will make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility. This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms and at any point within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry (Lavy, 2013). Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Sales and marketing of the facility is another approach that helps in enhancing the customer experience. They must put in place aggressive marketing techniques this will help in building the brand and place it at some level across the globe making their new location preferred facility by many guests. Based on their brand loyalty at the first location this can be translated in the new location as many guests who have had experience at the HBC in turkey can come easily in a new location in Cyprus with the expectation of getting the same experience in they got at the resort. The company has even employed technology in markets such as the use of Facebook, twitter, snapchat, Instagram (Sole, 2009). They use these tools for public relations and get feedback from their guests. The high number of rooms and beds at the new facility in Cyprus also gives the customers confidence that they will not miss out. Use of ICT systems to help in their daily operations in management and help in decision support services to the managers. These systems are used for accounting and reporting within the organization it is useful in helping on the mixing of nationalities of the guests in the rooms helping in reducing predomination of specific rooms by individuals from one nationality due to high demand of the facility by guests both locally and internationally. Factors of the customer experience that should be adapted to the Cyprus location Based on the reservations made by the guests from a specific region, chefs are able to make a menu for those guests, as they will be able to know their preferred food. Such management also helps the resort in monitoring their revenues making the organization having a strong financial base thus, they are able to expand and undertake any renovations and refurbishment of the facility (Potter, 2002). Guest relations also help in building good customer experience and this must be done by at most respect this must be transmitted to the new location in Cyprus. In their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness. With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey, which made their clients, have a good experience at their resort. This mu st be made possible because it is the same clients they will serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility. References Battell, C. (2006). Effective marketing (1st ed.).Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Bharathi, A. (2016). Marketing fundamentals. Higher Learning Research on Health, 6(4). Brooksbank, R. (2011). Business Management and communication. Management Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2011). Behavioral approaches to marketing techniques. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Desa, G. and Basu, S. (2013). International media on marketing techniques. Strategic marketing Journal, 7(1), pp.26-49. Cadogan, J. (2009). Business Management. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Chisnall, P. (2012). Education on marketing practices: Systematic business management. Long Range Planning, 13(1), 99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (80)90070-9 Help guide. (2016). Strategic Marketing: Improving your marketing strategies. Helpguide.org. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/strategic-marketing.htm Harrison, F. (2009). Effective marketing. The Management Guide 2(3), 12-17. Sole, K. (2009). Making connections: Understanding marketing principles. Bridge point. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills An Important Key to marketing in the "Shift to a Service-Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management, and e-Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A., and Newton, B. (2013). Basic Marketing skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Nash, E. (2015). International Business Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Potter, E. (2002). Improving Marketing Skills and Employability in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 55(4), p.739

Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Essay Example

Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Paper Hypothesis The optimum temperatures of Alcalase and Savinase will be different. Above and below their optimum temperatures activity will decrease. Biological explanation This investigation is designed to look at the effect of temperature on the activity of the proteases Alcalase and Savinase. By the end of it I hope to know the optimum temperature of both proteases. The substrate I am going to use during the experiments is the protein gelatin, which is a translucent, colourless, brittle solid substance found in the collagen inside an animals’ connective tissues. In my experiments it is going to be in the form of a single, thin layer, used on the surface of photographic film. It is useful in photography because it acts as protein glue, sticking the silver halide crystals to the surface of the plastic film. I am using it in this form, as it is easy to see when the enzyme has digested the gelatin. This is because normally the surface of the gelatine-silver halide layer turns black when exposed to light. However, when the enzyme has removed the gelatin the black colouring will disappear and only the clear plastic will be visible. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, it can be easily identified when the reaction between the enzyme and the gelatin is complete, so this form of gelatin is very appropriate. Alcalase is a high temperature protease, meaning it works best at high temperatures, so its optimum temperature must be fairly high in relative terms, taking into account that most biological enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37. 5Â °C. It is commonly found in soil. Due to it being a high temperature protease I would expect its activity to increase with the temperature up to its optimum temperature, which I think may be about 50Â °C. I predict its optimum temperature to be around this figure because the enzyme is used in washing powders and this is a reasonable temperature to washing clothes at. Savinase is a low temperature protease, meaning it works best at low temperatures, so its optimum temperature must be fairly low in relative terms, taking into account that most biological enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37. 5Â °C. It also is found in soil. Due to it being a low temperature protease I would expect its activity to decrease as the temperature increases once the temperature is above its optimum temperature. I think the optimum temperature will be about 30Â °C because this enzyme is also used in washing powder, but in special energy saving washing powder, which operates at 30Â °C. The proteases are able to break down the protein gelatin because they are specific to the reaction needing to take place. They are specific in that their active sites on the surface of the enzyme fit the gelatin substrate, fulfilling the lock and key hypothesis and forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The optimum temperature is the temperature at which these formations occur most efficiently, due to the enzymes active site being the most accurate shape to fit the substrate. Therefore, temperature affects the activity of enzymes by changing the shape of the active site, which means it is changing the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The tertiary structure is changed because the weak hydrogen bonds that hold the protein in its 3D helical shape are broken due to the heat. As well as the enzymes active site being the correct shape at the optimum temperature there is a better balance of kinetic energy, causing more collisions between enzyme and substrate and therefore more enzyme-substrate complexes are formed, increasing activity. At high temperatures in comparison with the optimum temperature the enzymes tertiary structure may change completely, disabling all activity, as the substrate won’t fit the active site. This is known as denaturation. However, at temperatures below the optimum, the tertiary structure of the enzyme isn’t altered and denaturation does not occur, it is simply a slower rate of reaction due to less kinetic energy and therefore reduced collisions between the enzymes and substrates. Apparatus *2 200cm3 Volumetric Flask – to hold the enzyme solutions *2 Stirring rods – to assist in covering film strips in solution *3 Boiling tubes – to hold strips of photographic film in water bath *Scissors – to cut photographic film *Ruler – to measure a length of photographic film *Stop clock – to time incubation period Balance accurate to 2d. p. – to weigh out mass of enzyme needed *Exposed, developed photographic film – as substrate *4g Encapsulated Alcalase – as high temperature protease enzyme *4g Encapsulated Savinase – as low temperature protease enzyme *Water bath – to incubate boiling tubes holding photographic film at temperatu res 30Â °C -100Â °C at 10Â °C intervals *400cm3 pH8. 0 buffer – to maintain a constant pH *2 200 cm3 Volumetric Flask – to measure the volume of buffer needed *Thermometer – to check temperature of solution when in water bath *Volumetric Pipette – to measure out the volume of enzyme needed Variables *Temperature – This is the only variable I will purposely change. I will do this by using a water bath at several different temperatures. These temperatures are 30Â °C, 40Â °C, 50Â °C, 60Â °C, 70Â °C, 80Â °C, 90Â °C and 100Â °C. Temperature must be controlled because to find the optimum temperature I need to try the above exact temperatures and if it wasn’t controlled to the exact temperature I couldn’t specify the exact optimum temperature. *pH – Must be kept constant. I will keep the pH optimised throughout using 200cm3 of pH8. 0 buffer. It must be kept constant to ensure fair results. *Enzyme concentration – Must be kept constant. I will use 4g of the encapsulated enzyme, made up to 200 cm3 of solution, where there will be a 2% concentration of the enzyme in all my experiments using a balance, accurate to 2d. p. Enzyme concentration needs to be kept constant because if there was a higher concentration in one experiment than in the other the rate of reaction may be increased or decreased in comparison to what it should have been, therefore the results will be affected and it will be an unfair test. Substrate concentration – Must be kept constant. I will use the same length and width of photographic film, measured using a ruler, in all my experiments. Substrate Concentration needs to be kept constant because if there was a higher concentration in one experiment than in the other the rate of reaction may be increased or decreased in comparison to what it should have been, therefore the results will be aff ected and it will be an unfair test. *Incubation period – This will change depending on how fast the rate of reaction is. The period will end as soon as the photographic film turns clear. The times are recorded and will form the basis of my results. *Reaction temperature – Will not be a constant time that it takes to heat the solution to the correct temperature before the film is added, but check must be made to see that it is at the correct temperature before the film is added. If it isn’t thoroughly heated through before the film is added then the results will be inaccurate, in that they will be lower than would be expected. I will check the temperature of the solution using a thermometer. *Volume of enzyme used – This will remain the same at 2cm3 throughout the whole investigation. I will keep it exactly the same using a 1cm3 volumetric pipette. It needs to be kept constant because if there is more enzyme solution in some experiments and less in others the rate of reaction and therefore the results will be affected, in that they may turn out to be lower than expected and become inaccurate. Exposure of film – All the photographic film used will be exposed in full sunlight prior to the investigation. The amount of light received needs to be the same for all the film used because if some is exposed to brighter light than others it will be more black in colour and therefore will need a longer or more vigorous reaction to make it totally clear, which could make results unreliable and inaccurate. Procedures 1. Set the water bath at 30Â °C. . Weigh out 4g of each enzyme and place in two 200cm3 v olumetric flasks. 3. Make up to the 200cm3 line on the flask with pH8. 0 buffer. 4. Add a lid to each flask and invert in turn to mix the substances thoroughly until enzymes are completely dissolved. 5. Cut off 3 strips of photographic film at 1cm in length and width. 6. Add 2cm3 of Alcalase and buffer solution to one boiling tube and 2cm3 of Savinase and buffer solution to the other. 7. Place the 2 boiling tubes in the water bath, along with an empty one for the control. 8. Leave them for 5 minutes and check the temperature with a thermometer to make sure the solutions are at the right temperature before adding the photographic film. 9. When the solutions are at the right temperature add a strip of photographic film to each boiling tube, making sure the strips have solution on the whole of them by using different stirring rods for the separate boiling tubes, to prod the strips down. 0. Start the stop clock and time how long it takes before the strip of photographic film has turned clear. 11. Record the time it took on the stop clock for the gelatin to be completely digested and the film to become clear. 12. Repeat steps 5 to 9 twice for the same temperature and decide on an average colour change for each enzyme and the control. 13. Set the water bath at 40Â °C, 50Â °C, 60Â °C, 70Â °C, 80Â °C, 90Â °C and 100Â °C repeating steps 5 to 10 for each temperature.

Citizen Competence in a Democracy essays

Citizen Competence in a Democracy essays Citizens tend to make political decisions that are affected by their understanding of political institutions. People with a full understanding of political institutions have conceptual maps of the world that are less uncertain. Without this knowledge people see economic and social change as more uncertain and unexplainable. Any discussion of citizen competence must acknowledge the importance of political knowledge in helping people to evaluate politicians and policies. Citizens limited knowledge of political institutions and the effect on their world-views are particularly strong because Americans have little knowledge about their own government and the institutions that rule their society. It has been demonstrated that knowledge about government affects not just how well people respond to their leader's or how well they identify their interests and whether or not they vote. The less a person knows about government, the more likely it is that the voter will judge representatives by their personal character and the less a voter knows, the less likely it is that he or she will vote. Given the limited knowledge about government, which most citizens possess, realizing which issues will matter in any election is problematic. It is not the importance of a policy, or even the extent to which politicians differ on it, that determines when an issue will become relevant to voter decision making. What makes it key will be the availability of information people have about the issue. Mostly, the manner in which their own ideas and beliefs about how the world works to connect an issue to their own life situation and the candidate and party they are voting for. It is important to concentrate on the role that understanding political institutions play when citizens decide whether to vote and evaluate candidates and policies. The knowledge of the institutions of government is called cognitive engagement. People who do no...

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift - Essay Example Without a doubt, the speaker could create a plan to make these children beneficial to the society. Swift uses the speaker to propose eating babies as a solution to the problems of Ireland. Swift uses satire to appeal to the emotions of the Irish people in order to encourage them to help the country. The purpose of this essay is to do a rhetorical analysis of Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal. The reason for doing this rhetorical analysis is to demonstrate how Swift uses satire to draw audience attention to the problem, which is the dire situation Ireland was facing at the time. A satire uses mockery, exaggeration, and irony to reveal and condemn the immorality, corruption, or foolishness of a society within the setting or framework of contemporary politics. The speaker proposes cannibalism of Irish infants as a sensible, rational, and in fact responsible solution to the problems of Ireland. This satire does not aim to inflict damage or harm, but rather it tries to produce a shocking effect to make the causes of major Irish problems revolting so that these causes will be purged or removed from the people and society. It is this shocking effect that makes Swift’s political document controversial and highly effective. Swift’s satire uses three elements—ethos, logos, and pathos. In terms of ethos, or author’s credibility, Swift was known for being a remarkable political essayist and critic. He is also known for being religious, which gives A Modest Proposal a sharp appeal. It is somewhat difficult to reconcile the fact that the ‘religious’ Swift has created a speaker that advocates cannibalism as a solution to Ireland’s major problems. This makes the satire more shocking and, thus, effective. What fascinates audiences from the time of Swift to the present day is the outrageous proposal of the anonymous speaker who combines, in one persona, an indifferent rationality and a methodically coldhearted reaction to the

Number 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Number 3 - Essay Example here are some of the world’s most powerful religions that have embodied individual as well as collective eschatology as the part of their teaching such as Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity with some of the fundamental similarities. The goal of this paper is discuss the extent to which Zoroastrianism has influenced some of the claims made by monotheism. The faith in the events after death on this earth has also been confirmed by religion like Zoroastrianism. The faith in the life hereafter developed and turns out to be the basis of the later Zoroastrianism covering almost all the other aspects of religious life. This belief in life hereafter that developed in Zoroastrianism imposed a deep impact on the other religions as well, especially on Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Zoroastrianism has exercised great influence on the development of eschatological aspects in the Second Temple Judaism. Whereas Christianity is considered to be the offshoot of Judaism, it has also developed its eschatological notions from the Apocrypha of Old Testament, which is written by the Jews in the period before the initiation of Christianity. Not all the scholars accepted the idea which considers Persia as the origin of most of the Christian and Jewish eschatological beliefs. The major problem lies with the fact that some of the basic ideas related to th e Zoroastrian eschatology are only known to us in developed form that were extracted from the Pahlavi source, which are more recent than the first Jewish writings and contain some eschatological ideas (Antia). There are several arguments presented by the religious scholars that links the Jewish developments made till date in the field of eschatology with the influence of Zoroastrianism. There is no doctrine of the Jewish eschatology found in Old Testament till the end of the period about the individual or universal judgment. Judaism not till the end presents any idea of heaven, hell or the reconstitution of the

Investing in Futures and Options Essay Example for Free

Investing in Futures and Options Essay INTRODUCTION Of late, investors who are in the stock and commodity are focusing their attention towards risk management especially due to high volatility nature. Since these volatility movements are uncertain, it has become foremost cause of vagueness for such investors. Since the globalization of trade and free trade between major countries has become the order of the day, all most all the investors have to be under mercy of the exchange rate fluctuations which results in volatility   .The notion that exchange rates , profitability and other factors   influence a firm’s value and therefore the price of its stock is widely held by financial analyst ,economists and corporate managers . The liberalization of economic policies and investment policies due to world trade organization’s (WTO) free flow of investments and trade between member countries and bilateral free trade agreements between countries have augmented internationalization of economic activity and exceptional era of world wide currency and interest rates instability. To counter these financial risks, new pioneering concept commodity and stock market hedging techniques have nurtured at a rapid speed. The main feature of the using derivatives through hedging is to have control over the financial risk and minimizing the effect of uncertain cash flows. Financial institutions have come to rescue to these corporations who have exposure to financial risk with the range of products to assist in risk management. By far the most significant event in finance during the past decade has been the extraordinary development and expansion of financial derivatives. These instruments enhance the ability to differentiate risk and allocate it to the investors most able and   willing to take it – a process that has undoubtedly improved national productivity growth and standards of living .’ Allen Green Span, Chairman, Board of Governors of the US Federal Reserve System. The structural advantage of derivatives i.e. leverage or gearing   makes them suitable for managing risk can also result in the generation of leveraged profits or in the event of adverse market movement , a significant losses. The main advantage of gearing is that the buyer or seller need only to cough up a small proportion of total price at the time of deal is executed. It may be 1% and 8% depending upon the volatility of the underlying commodity or instrument. In the case of exchange traded transactions, this deposit is recognized as â€Å"initial margin† and is expected to reflect the amount by which the price of a contract may vary in one day’s trading. At the day end, all contracts will be valued and if the price has been found to move against the position, the losing party will have to pay further â€Å"variation margin† calls. In contrary, if the price movement is positive, credit will be given to the party .It is this element of gearing that provides the opportunity to make large gains or losses. Prudent handling of this leverage will result in considerable profit maximization and if it handled inexpertly, may generate losses .In some cases , these losses though high but they are few in number when measured against volume of business and number of participants in derivative business .The contributory factors for sustaining loss includes excessive position taking ( in relation to capital) , fraudulent activity , unexpected market moves, ineffective risk management, insufficient product understanding and inadequacies in corporate policy governing their use. What is a derivative? Derivative is a mathematical word which refers to a variable, which has been derived from another variable and they have no values of their own. Derivatives derive their value from the value of some other asset, which is referred as the underlying. For instance, a derivative of the shares of AT T Corporation (underlying), will derive its value from the share price (value) of AT T Corporation. Likewise, a derivative contract on wheat depends upon the price of wheat. An agreement or an option to buy or sell the underlying asset of the derivative up to a certain time in the future at a predetermined price i.e. the exercise price by way of special contract is known as derivative contract. The contract also has a flat expiry period mostly in the range of 3 to 12 months from the date of origination of the contract. The price of the underlying asset and the expiry period of the contract determine the value of the contract. Financial derivatives comprises of underlying financial asset like currency, debt instruments, equity shares, share price index etc.Exchange-traded derivatives are derivative contracts that has been standardized and traded on the stock exchanges. Over-the –counter derivatives is one which has been customized as per the requirements of the user by negotiating with the other party involved. Some of the common forms of derivatives are Futures, Forwards and Options. Futures: Futures are the derivative contracts that give the holder the chance to buy or sell the underlying asset at a pre-specified price some time in the near future and usually thy come with standardized form like contract size, fixed expiry time and price. The future market is one where continues auction market and exchanges presenting the recent information about the supply and demand as regards to individual commodities or financial instruments like stocks . In other words, future market is one where buyers and sellers of variety of commodities, financial instruments get together to trade. The main aim of the future market is to manage price risk. The future price risk is averted by buying or selling futures contract, with a price level arrived at now, for items to be delivered in future. This is achieved by hedging which helps to shield against the risk of an adverse price change in the near future or use of futures to lock in an acceptable margin between their purchase and their selling price. In futures, bankers, farmers, traders, manufacturers will arrange for the purchase or sale of a futures contract. In future market, commodities are broken down into five categories namely agriculture, metallurgical, interest bearingassets, jndexes and foreign currency. Agricultural futures market includes oats, corn , wheat , soybeans , soy meal ,soyoil,sunflower oil ,cattles , live hogs   and pork bellies, lumber , plywood ,cotton, coffee, cocoa, rice, orange juice and sugar. For every one of these commodities, different contract months are available and it depends upon the harvest cycle. More aggressively traded commodities usually have more contract months available and a new type of contract is available almost every month to meet the growing institutional and corporate market. Futures on Metallurgical Products: Petroleum products and metals is being covered under this group and it includes platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, gasoline, crude oil, propane and heating oil. Every month a new type of contract emerges to cater the needs of ever increasing institutional and corporate market. Assets which bears interest: This has its origin during 1975 and products in these categories include treasury bonds, Treasury Bills, Municipal Bonds, Treasury Notes and Eurodollar deposits. It is also possible to trade contracts with the same maturity but different expected interest rate differentials. Futures on Indexes: Now futures are available on most chief indexes such as New York Stock Exchange Composite, SP 500, New York Stock Exchange Utility index, Russell 2000, Commodity Research Bureau (CRB), SP 400 Midcap, FT-Se 100 Index (London) and Value line. These stock index features are settled in cash and there is no delivery of goods is involved in this method. A trader has to settle his positions by buying or selling an offsetting position or in cash at expiration. Foreign Currency Futures: During the post war period, the exchange rates and interest rates were stable and the mechanism of fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods era enabled the corporations to know in advance their foreign exchange liabilities for their imports. But the collapse of Bretton Woods’s system after the war resulted in the introduction of general floating exchange rates replacing the earlier fixed system. The introduction of floating exchange rates have resulted in large unexpected movements in exchange rates that too in unforeseen directions and magnitudes which affected interest rate movements as the monetary establishment tried to influence the exchange rates by movements in interest rates. It is to be noted that the forward market in currencies is much bigger than the foreign exchange futures market. Further, there are cross currency futures that are being traded and these includes Deutsch mark / yen, Deutsch mark / French franc. Forwards Options: Forward is another form of a derivative contract but tailored to the needs of the user in terms of expiry date, contract size, and price. These contracts confer the holder the option to buy or sell the under lying at a pre-determined price some time in the future .Call option is one where the buyer has given his option to buy the underlying at the near future .Where as an option to sell the underlying at a specified price in the future is called as Put Option. As regards to the option contract, the buyer is not obliged to exercise the option contract. Generally, options can be traded on the stock exchange or on the OTC. In option, the participants may assume a position in an underlying futures contract at a certain price which is known as exercise or strike price within a particular period of time. The price or premium of the option is determined through action market trading. Swaps: Swaps contract was introduced in 1981 and can be considered as one of the latest financial innovations to manage financial risks. The contracting parties are obliged to exchange specified cash flows at specified intervals under a swap contract. In a nutshell, a swap contract can be defined as a series of forward contracts put together. If the exchange of interest rate payments in one currency for payments in another currency is devised, then it amounts to a currency swap. If the exchange between two parties of interest obligations or receipts in the same currency on an agreed amount of notional principal for an agreed period of time is devised, then it is known as interest rate swap. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest payments calculated on different bases over a period of time. Under interest rate swap, one party to the contract makes fixed –rate payments while the other party’s payments are based on a floating rate such as LIBOR. For instance, if a company which has borrowed from a bank at a floating rate (7 m LIBOR) may want to swap that for a fixed rate (7m LIBOR) so that they can cover the risk if the interest rates go up. On one side, they pay 7% (of the agreed notional principal) and receive 7m LIBOR and on the other side they pay 7m LIBOR straight out to repay their loan. Thus they have converted a floating rate loan into a fixed rate loan. The said bank may manages its own risk from the above swap transaction by backing it out with another swap , say by paying 6.95% for 7m LIBOR and thus they earn a profit of 0.5% difference thus avoiding the risk in the interest rate changes . The other different types of interest rate swap are: Basis swap: For instance, swapping 2m LIBOR for 4m LIBOR. Basic swaps are mostly used by mortgage companies because the get the mortgage payments on monthly basis. Both fixed Currency Swap : Both fixed and say fixed $ for fixed  £ Both floating currency swap: 2m $ LIBOR for 4 m Yen LIBOR. Cross Currency Swap: fixed  £ for 2m CHF LIBOR. Companies derive more flexibility to exploit their comparative advantage in their respective borrowing markets under currency swaps. Under interest rate swap, corporations try to focus on their comparative advantage in borrowing in a single currency in the short end of the maturity spectrum vs. the long –end of the maturity spectrum. USES OF DERIVATIVES: Derivatives are mainly used for speculation or hedging. For speculation, derivatives offer us leverage. For instance, instead of buying  £ 5Million bond in the anticipation that its price will rise up, one can buy an option on that bond, which might only cost  £ 2000. The profit chances or opportunities are the same less the price of the option but the risk is much less as the most we can loose in this deal is the option price ( £ 2000). For hedging, derivatives let you to seal the price now for a trade in future or at least limits the rise or fall of that price. An UK company holding a US bond which is on the verge of its maturity could buy an interest rate option to guarantee the dollar / sterling rate did not diminish the value of its bond. Volatility is regarded as the most precise measure of risk and its return. The greater the volatility, the greater the risk and the reward as it is evidenced in the transaction from bull to bear markets. It is to be observed in the bearish market, volatility and risk augment while returns disappear including short –selling returns. History: The very first exchange for trading derivatives started by Royal Exchange in London, which allowed forward contract. Likewise, the first future contract was introduced to Yodoya rice market in Osaka, Japan in 1650. Then in 1848, Chicago Board of Trade was started to handle futures market of US. Russell Sage, a famous New York financier introduced synthetic loans using the principle of put-call parity. Sage could able to create a synthetic loan by fixing the put, call and strike prices with interest rate poignantly higher than the US usury law permitted. Chicago Mercantile Exchange started International Monetary Market in 1972 which permitted trading in currency futures. The Chicago Board of Trade started first interest rate futures in 1975.Treasury bill futures contract was introduced in 1975 by Merc. The Chicago Board Options Exchange was started in 1973 and there were publications for the first time option pricing model of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes. Chicago Board Options Exchange created an option on an index of stocks which was originally known as CBOE 100 index which later known as SP 100. During 1980, Swaps and other over-the –counter derivatives were introduced. It was in 1994, the derivative trade witnessed a series of huge losses and this affected experienced trading firms like Metallgesellschaft and Procter and Gamble. Orange country, California which is the America’s wealthiest city was declared as bankruptcy due to derivative trading and use of leverage in a portfolio of short -term Treasury securities. DERIVATIVES OR DESTRUCTIVE? A CASE STUDY OF BARINGS, UK. Baring Brothers, a British merchant bank went to bankruptcy in 1995 after incurring a whooping loss of  £ 860 million occurred on the Singapore and Osaka derivative exchanges. Nick Leeson, the bank’s star trader and absence of management controls to monitor his activities were the main reasons for this debacle. During the period between 1992 and 1995, Lesson built up positions in futures and options contracts on the Nikkei 225 stock exchange index, which proved highly profitable in the early years. Futures positions were bought by Lesson on the Nikkei index and financed cash calls on them as they fell in value by selling put options on the contract, thereby producing a straddle and thus betting against volatility of the market. Simex derivative exchange in Singapore were used to book the contracts and he run a hedged position on Nikkei index futures and make money by arbitraging between Singapore and Osaka markets. However he ceased hedging on the purchases made in Singapore and took on risk. Due to unexpected volatility in the market, losses were incurred and these losses in fact exceeded the net worth of Baring Bank .Lesson was later imprisoned for the falsification of records in an attempt to cover up his activities. The rationale of this case law is to elucidate how a bank can face bankruptcy if there is no proper risk management system is in force. The case also establishes the concept of ‘value at risk ‘(VAR) which is a simple method to express the risk of a portfolio. Because of the recent derivatives disasters, end-users, regulators, financial institutions and central bankers are now resorting to VAR as a method to foster stability in financial markets .The case illustrates how VAR could have been utilized to Baring Bank case to warn its management of the risk they were facing in advance. VOLATILITY: Volatility has its effect on administered market and it is high when both supply and demand are inelastic and liable to random shocks. According to Rudiger Dornbusch, market always overshoots in reaction to unexpected changes in economic variables. Volatility is a type of market incompetence and it is a reaction to uncertainty and excessive volatility is unreasonable. Volatility in stock and commodity market is represented by sharp changes in prices and inventory levels and level of volatility itself has fluctuated over the time. Changes in future prices, spot prices and inventories are influenced by changes in volatility Volatility is a determinant of changes in price expressed in percentage terms without regard to direction especially in stock price and stock index levels , commodities and in financial intermediaries .For example , an increase from 200 to 201 in one index is as same as the volatility terms to an increase in 100 to 101 in another index , because both changes are 1% and as this 1% increase is equal to volatility terms to a 1 % price decline .There are four ways to explain the volatility or movement and they are historical volatility , future volatility , expected volatility and implied volatility . Historical volatility is an appraiser of actual price variation during a particular period in the past. Future volatility refers annualized standard deviation of daily returns during particular future period basically between current and an option expiration. Expected volatility is an investor’s forecast of volatility utilized in an option method to gauge the theoretical value of an option. Implied volatility is the volatility percentage that illustrates the current market price of an option and it is the indicator of an option’s price. Volatility is described as standard deviation of the yield of an asset and the value of an option always increases with volatility. The greater the volatility, the higher the option chance during its life and convertible to the underlying asset at a marginal profit and this methodology has been proved in the Black-Scholes formula. Black-scholes formula yield results during trends and unsuccessful when the market change sign. â€Å" The implied volatilities are efficient forecasts of future volatility since varying market conditions cause volatilities to change through time stochastically and traditional volatilities   can not correct itself to varying market conditions as ghastly .Stochastic volatility contradicts the assumption required by the Black-Scholes model –if volatilities do modify stochastically through moment in time, the Black-Scholes method is no longer the correct pricing method and an implied volatility derived from the Black-Scholes formula provides no fresh information. Black-Scholes formula is lacking on certain issues like the oblique volatilities of various options on the identical stock tend to differ disregarding the formulas hypothesize that a single stock can be correlated with only one value of implied volatility. The Black-Scholes formula mainly ignores the distribution of stock prices in US market.   Some studies have revealed severe deviation from the price process fundamental to Black-Scholes formula like excess kurtosis, skewness, time varying volatilities and serial correlation. Further Black –scholes deals with stochastic volatility poorly and it relies on impractical assumption that market dickers endlessly thereby ignoring institutional constraints and transaction costs. Stock Charting: Stock charting is the process of a graphical sequence record enables it easier to dapple the effect of cardinal happenings on authoritarian security’s price., its functioning over a period of time and whether it’s trading its higher or its lower or in between these. Traders are very particular in daily, intraday data to forecast short-term price movements.   Investors rely on weekly and monthly charts to mark long term trends and movements. Line chart, Bar chart, Candlestick Chart and point and figure chart are some of the examples of stock charting method.   Arithmetic and semi-log arithmetic scales are two methods of price scaling used in the stock charting method. When the price range is hemmed within a tight range and used in general for short-term charts and trading. Semi-log scales are useful for long term charts to estimate the percentage movements over a foresighted period of time including large movements. Stock and other securities are estimated in relative terms through tools lime PE, Price/Revenues and Price/Book and as such it will be more useful to analyse in percentage terms. Ocillator: This is an indicator which is calculated by taking 10 day moving average of the difference between the numbers of advancing and defining issues for authoritarian given index. An indicator will reflect whether an index is gaining or losing impetus, so the size of the moves is more significant than the level of the current reading. The level of the reading is influenced by how the oscillator changes each day thereby dropping a value ten days ago and adding today’s value. The scale in moves is also helpful when it is compared with the divergence from the index price. If the Dow climaxes at the same time, the oscillator peaks in overbought area and suggests a top. Divergence is said to be negative and momentum is declining when index makes a new high but the oscillator fails to make a higher .One can buy if the index declines at this point but oscillator moves into oversold territory. If the oscillator rises above a previous overbought level though the index rises but does not make new heights, it is said to be upside momentum exists to continue the rally. Support: A support level is the price at which buyers are anticipated to enter the market in considerable numbers to take control from sellers. As the market has its track record, when price falls to a new low and then soars, the buyers who ignored on the first low will be persuaded to buy if price returns to that level back .Fearing of missing out the opportunity for the second time, these traders may enter into market in adequate numbers to take control from sellers. As the result, there is a rally strengthening sensitivity that price is unlikely to fall further thereby creating a support level. Resistance: The price level at which the sellers are anticipated to enter the market in sizeable numbers to take control from buyers is known as resistance level. If price makes a new High and then move back, sellers who ignored the previous High will be predisposed to sell when price returns to that level back. Fearing of missing the opportunity for the second time, these sellers may enter the market in large numbers to overwhelm buyers. As the result, market perception will be reinforced that price is unlikely to increase higher and form a resistance level. CANDLE CHARTING: It is a price chart that shows the open, low, the high and close for a stock each day over a specified period of time .It is known as Japanese candles because they used to analyse the price of rice contracts. When the close is higher than the open , the same is represented by an white empty box in the candle charting .When the close is lower than the open , then it is represented by a solid black candle ,Colored candles are used to reflect the day’s volume. Investment strategies in stock and options Following is the most of common investment strategies for keeping investment objectives, financial means and risk tolerance. Despite of market crash in 1929, market break in 1987, market correction in 1989 and though the prices of all securities fell down drastically but broad movement of the market has seen their value steadily increased. One of the strategies is to buy and hold for long the high quality stocks or futures of stock or commodities .The buy –and-hold strategy offers one to profit from this long term forward trend of the stock market. Further, dividend investment plan offers small investors a painless method of building wealth. Dollar –Cost Averaging: This is also a long term strategy and one has to invest in a stock or mutual fund or futures at regular intervals monthly, quarterly or semiannually. The success of dollar-cost averaging relies on consistency of amount invested and the regularity of the payments so as to minimize pricing and timing risk. The success of the Dollar cost averaging depends upon the following factors. The plan for the investment should be for a long period i.e. from 7 years to 10 years .In the last 100 years, there were about 40 recessions or market corrections or a downturn about every 3 years and If one carry on to invest through about three of these corrections, the profits of dollar-cost averaging tend to be maximized. 2 .Investment at regular intervals is most preferred. Investment should be made regularly regardless of the price of the stock. Give preference to high quality of stocks or mutual funds and a company or fund with history of habitual dividend payments and possible for capital appreciation is a better choice. One has to make sure that he has enough strength so that he can adhere to the plan through highs and lows and sell out at the peak and thus the money allocated for dollar-cost averaging result in wealth-building funds, not committed funds.[i] Going Short: An investor who prefers short i.e. enters into futures contract by agreeing to sell and deliver the underlying at a price and wishes to make profit from declining price levels and thereby selling high now , the contract can be repurchased in the future at a lesser price thus creating a profit for the investor. 16.Spreads: It involve taking benefit of the price difference between two different contracts of the same commodity and spreading is believed to be the most conventional forms of trading in the futures market because it is much safer than the trading long / short futures contract. There are different types of spread namely calendar spread, inter-exchange spread and inter-market spread. Swing Trading: It denotes a technique of placing emphasis on playing the swings in the PPS, selling on the highs and buying on the lows rather than the swiftness of the trade. To complete the swing trade, it may need more than a day, a week or authoritarian month or longer period and channeling stock is pursued by the some swing traders. Flipping: It refers the process of trading a stock very quickly with in minutes or hours etc as past as possible may be on the same day. It is often used to explain a buy and sell with a share that is running and where the trader buys the stock as it is moving up and sells the same on even a higher point in a short period of time. A flipper aim is to maximize his profits by emphasizing on fast trades to earn quick profits. The risk is also less downside as the trader sits in a stock for a less time. [i] Hall, Alvin D., and Carolyn M. Brown. Investment Strategies Made Easy: Heres How to Overcome Your Fears of the Market and Invest like a Pro. Black Enterprise Mar. 1994: 66+. 2.Fisher, Black and Myron Scholes, â€Å"The pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities â€Å"The Journal of Political Economy, 81,637-654. 3.Mackay, Charles. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds: New York, Harmony Books (1980). 4.Chance .Don M.† A Chronology of Derivatives† Derivative Quarterly, 2 (winter, 1955) 53-60. 5.Thomas L. Friedman ,The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century Stephen Leeb, Glen Strathy ,The Coming Economic Collapse: How You Can Thrive When Oil Costs $200 a Barrel 7.George A. Fontanills, Tom Gentile The Volatility Course 8.George Soros, Paul A. Volcker The Alchemy of Finance (Wiley Investment Classics) 9.John C. Hull Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (6th Edition) 10.Marc Allaire ,The Options Strategist 11. George Kleinman, Trading Commodities and Financial Future: A Step by Step Guide to Mastering the Markets (3rd Edition). 12. Sheldon Natenberg ,Option Volatility Pricing: Advanced Trading Strategies and Techniques Jeffrey M. Christian, Commodities Rising: The Reality Behind the Hype and How To Really Profit in the Commodities Market. John J. Murphy ,Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets: A Comprehensive Guide to Trading Methods and Applications (New York Institute of Finance John F. Carter, Mastering the Trade (McGraw-Hill Trader’s Edge) 16. Joseph Kellogg, Trading From the Inside 17. Thomas N. Bulkowski ,Encyclopedia of Chart Patterns (Wiley Trading) 18.Stephen W. Bigalow, Profitable Candlestick Trading: Pinpointing Market Opportunities to Maximize Profits

Kurt Vonnegut - The Man and His Work :: Kurt Vonnegut

Kurt Vonnegut – The Man and His Work One of the best, most valuable aspects of reading multiple works by the same author is getting to know the author as a person. People don't identify with Gregor Samsa; they identify with Kafka. Witness the love exhibited by the many fans of Hemingway, a love for both the texts and the drama of the man. It's like that for me with Kurt Vonnegut, but it strikes me that he pulls it off in an entirely different way. Kafka's work is a reaction to his mental anguish, which is kind of like Vonnegut, who has dealt with the bulk of his personal hardships throughout his career, but those hardships are not his sole motivation. And, while he's lead an interesting life, it doesn't seem nearly as dramatic or romantic as Hemingway's. Plus, Vonnegut is much more overt than either of the two about his authorial involvement in his work. But what really forces Vonnegut to impose his presence on the text is his complete inability to remove himself at all from the act of communication at the core of any work of literature. He revels in that involvement. He has mentioned his desire, what he implies is a universal need of all human beings, for some "soul-deep fun." He uses this term as a synonym for greatness. And this has lead to some nasty comments in fiction workshops about stories that I've written: complaints of flat characters, cartoonish plotlines, non-directed criticism, overall pessimism and over-sentimentality for all things lowbrow. Needless to say, sometimes I feel, to varying degrees of pretension, like Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November 11, 1922, in Indianapolis, Indiana to Kurt Vonnegut, Sr. and Edith Lieber Vonnegut. He had an older brother named Bernard and an older sister named Alice. Kurt, Sr. was a well-known architect in the city and Edith was the daughter of a wealthy local family. The Vonneguts had been in Indianapolis for several generations, and were well-off, respected members of the community. Unlike the characters in most of his books, Vonnegut's early childhood was extremely privileged. It wasn't until the stock market crash of 1929 that he experienced the type of life that he would go on to write about in the future: the middle Middle Class. This was devastating to his family. According to Understanding Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. the depression moved in and made itself at home in the Vonnegut household.

Desiree’s Baby Analysis Essay Essay

There used to be a time where white people thought having African American blood in your family was wrong. It was thought of as a shame to your family or a disgrace to the name. Kate Chopin tells a story about a wife and husband who have a new child. Desiree, a white orphan that was adopted by the Valmonde family, is enthralled about the arrival of her baby boy and her husband Armand, a strict slave owner is also excited to see his first born son. However, the family begins to realize that something is mysteriously wrong with the newborn. They begin to notice that he is acquiring the traits of an African American and soon the couple start to narrow down the possibilities of the situation. In the story â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, Kate Chopin uses symbolism and foreshadowing to portray that there is something eccentric about the baby and creates a mysterious plot that keeps the audience looking out for these clues. With the use of many symbols in her story, Chopin gives the audience insight into the depths of her work. Examples of this symbolism include the stone pillar, La Blanche’s cabin, and the bonfire. The stone pillar that Desiree was found lying upon by Armand when he had first â€Å"fallen in love with her†(1) was used to show her desolate background. Armand uses this symbol as a sense of safety because he knows he will be able to use Desiree’s unknown decent to blame her for a future failure or to cover up his own mistakes. At the end of the piece, we find out that the baby is mixed and Armand blames Desiree. Neither of them knows who really has African American in their blood but he automatically assumes that it is her because no one knows who her real parents are being that she is adopted. †And the way he cries,† went on Desiree,† is deafening. Armand heard him the other day as far away as La Blanche’s cabin†(2), this is a strange line in the story and makes the reader question why Armand was in La Blanche’s cabin and what he was actually doing while he was there. This might suppose that Armand is having relations with his slaves. If this is true then it is possible that the quadroon boys are his children because he is â€Å"white’ and the mother is black. Oddly enough, the author does not make Desiree recognize Armand’s words and she never says anything to her husband about it  which makes it difficult to recognize. There are many foreshadowing examples that help the reader figure out what is going on in the work. One of the first foreshadowing elements is from Madame Volmonde, Desiree’s orphan mother, â€Å"This is not the baby!† she exclaimed, in startling tones.†(1) This hints the reader that something is odd about the child and it also informs them to look out for other information regarding the baby. â€Å"Madame Valmonde had never removed her eyes from the child. She lifted it and walked with it over to the window that was the lightest†(1), the author uses these sentences to show that the baby’s skin color was strange and the family had noticed it. Although they had not quite figured out what was awkward, many things started to change starting when Desiree compared her baby to the quadroon boys. â€Å"She looked from her child to the boy who stood beside him, and back again; over and over.†(3) She then knew that her baby was mixed and Desiree immediately goes to Armand and asks him what it means.† It means,† he answered lightly, â€Å"that the child is not white; it means that you are not white†(3), this indicates that Armand believes she is mixed but she protest against him. In the end of Kate Chopin’s work Desiree and the baby leave on foot. â€Å"She did not take the broad, beaten road which led to the far-off plantation of Volmonde. She walked across a deserted field, where the stubble bruised her tender feet, so delicately shod, and tore her thin gown to shreds†(5), indicates that her and the baby did not make it. With Desiree and the baby already gone, the reader finds the ending to be ironic when Armand finds out his mother is Black and this gives a sense of closure to end the piece. Chopin uses the elements of symbolism and foreshadowing to create a more mysterious plot that keeps her readers interested throughout the entirety of the story but also so they can go deeper into the meaning and theme of it as a whole.

Emily Grierson Need for Control in William Faulkners A...

Emily Griersons Need for Control in A Rose For Emily In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily, Emily Grierson is a woman who is used to being controlled by her father. When her father dies, she believes that she has control over him. Forced to lay her father to rest, Emily turns to her fathers equivalent: Homer Barron. Emily soon finds that Homer does not plan on staying, so she decides to kill him. By killing Homer, Emily believes that she can keep him and control him forever. Emily Grierson wants to be in control but feels that she cannot tame the domineering men in her life, at least, not while they are alive, so she gains control of them after their demise. One can clearly imagine the timid Emily†¦show more content†¦She cannot not let go of the man that has monitored her every move. We remembered all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her. She refuses to bury her father, not because she cannot bear to part with him, but because she refuses to let go of the man that she now has complete control over. When Emily is forced to part with her fathers body she sets off to find his replacement. Emily chooses a lover that resembles her father in many ways; Homer is big, strong, outspoken, and domineering. Initially, the townspeople are happy to know that Emily is dating Homer. Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer. When they realize that Emily is serious about him, they have a change of heart. Miss Emily with her head high and Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reigns and whip in a yellow glove. Emily does not care about the peoples reaction toward her affair with Homer. Emilys affair with a day laborer is an act of defiance, toward her father and perhaps, even the toward the townspeople. 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